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.Take for example Lake Monsters, like Nessie the LochEnglish 2000 59Ness monster.Many people have seen mysterious shapes moving in the Loch s waters, somehave even photographed them, yet there s still no direct evidence that anything out of theordinary lives in its depths.There is also, allegedly, a monster living in Lake Champaign in New York State in the USA, andanother one, apparently, in southern Argentina.And there are many similar reports from China,Russia and Australia.eyewitness accounts - relacje świadków naocznychfabulous - wspaniały, znakomity; tu: bajkowy, baśniowycreature - stworzenie, istotascientific evidence - dowody naukowehard to come by - trudny do zdobycia/znalezieniamysterious - tajemniczyshape - kształtout of the ordinary - niezwykły, nadzwyczajnydepths - głębieallegedly - rzekomomonster - potwórapparently - o ile wiadomoreports - relacje, doniesieniaLESSON 96FOOTBALLThe Mexican wave first became world-famous in 1986.During a world cup match in Mexico City,the crowd formed a human wave to amuse itself.And now you can have Mexican waves all overthe world!What s the difference between a red card and a yellow card? A yellow card is shown by thereferee to a player who has committed a minor foul.It s a warning card.After two yellow cards aplayer is shown a red card.The player who gets a red card is sent off.When is a golden goal needed in a match? A golden goal means that the first team to score inextra time will win a match.If there is no golden goal, a penalty shoot-out finally decides whichteam will win, but only in the World Cup.Mexican wave - meksykańska falaworld-famous - sławna na całym świecieWorld Cup match - piłkarskie mistrzostwa światacrowd - tłumto amuse oneself - rozerwać się, zabawićred card - czerwona kartkayellow card - żółta kartkareferee - sędziaplayer - tu: piłkarzto commit a minor foul - sfaulować (niegroznie)English 2000 60warning - ostrzeżenieto be sent off - tu: być odesłanym z boiskagolden goal - złoty golto score - wbić golaextra time - dogrywkapenalty shoot-out - rzuty karneLESSON 97RUBBEROver two thousand five hundred years ago the Mayan Indians were using small balls of rubber toplay ball games.And today the Amazonian Indians use rubber to make waterproof shoes.Theydo this by immersing their feet in liquid latex, which then solidifies around their feet.He (Mr Macintosh) spread a thin layer of rubber between two sheets of cloth and pressed themtogether, making a sort of cloth sandwich with a rubber filling.This was made into raincoats often called mackintoshes or macks.When you add sulphur to natural rubber it gives the rubber new properties.It makes it a muchtougher material.And the more sulphur you add, the tougher it gets.So you can get very softrubber or you can get very hard rubber.This process is called vulcanization - after the Romangod of fire.rubber - gumaball games - gry w piłkęwaterproof - nieprzemakalnyto immerse - zanurzaćliquid - ciekły, płynnylatex - lateksto solidify - krzepnąć, tężećto spread - rozciągaćto press - zgniatać, przyciskaćlayer - warstwasheets of cloth - płachty materiałufilling - nadzienieraincoats - płaszcze przeciwdeszczoweproperties - właściwościtough - mocny, twardyvulcanization - wulkanizacjaLESSON 98CEMENTLet s go back in time a few million years.Let tiny plankton gobble up some food and die.Lettheir bodies sink to the ocean depths.Leave their remains for a few million years, then dig outthe resulting rock.Crush it and roast it along with sand, gravel and water, and let it dry.OurEnglish 2000 61civilization is built of this cement.The history of cement goes back a very long way.The ancient Egyptians used a cement-likemixture of lime and volcanic ash to make bonding material, which they used in the constructionof pyramids.Concrete columns built by the Egyptians 3, 6000 years ago are still standing! Later,the skill was passed to the Romans.The most famous surviving Roman building, the Pantheonin Rome has concrete walls that are over 6 metres thick! But, with the fall of the Roman Empire,the skill of cement making was lost for well over a thousand years!to gobble up - pożeraćto sink - tonąć, opadać na dnoremains - szczątkito dig out - wykopywaćto crush - zgniataćto roast - wypalaćgravel - żwirlime - wapno palonevolcanic ash - pył wulkanicznybonding material - spoiwoconcrete - betonskill - umiejętnośćthe fall of the Roman Empire - upadek cesarstwa rzymskiegoLESSON 99SOAPImagine one of our ancestors sitting by the fire and cooking a piece of greasy meat for supper.Some of the fat from the meat drops onto the ash below.The following morning our ancestorcomes to clean up the mess.He takes the fat, now solidified and covered in ash, into his hands.He mixes the grimy goo in his hands and tries to get it off with water.And what does he find?That the goo he s just made helps him get clean.He s just invented soap!One of the simplest ways to get clean is to wash using a plant.There are over a hundreddiffereent species of plants around the world that contain a substance called saponin, whichworks in a similar way to soap.Like the root of yucca plant.The bars of soap we buy todaycontain lots of plant material plant oil to make the soap itself and plant fragrance to scent it
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