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." DuPont bulletin No.X-59a.DuPont conducted humanexperiments giving volunteers Teflon-laced cigarettes to investigate fume fever.J.W.Clayton, "Fluorocarbon Toxicity and Biological Action," Fluorine Chem.Reviews, vol.1, no.2 (1967), pp.197-252.352 NOTES TO EPILOGUE / P.2349.Harold D.Field to the Kettering Laboratory, January 23, 1958.AlbertHenne to Robert Kehoe, October 15, 1958."Teflon Coated CookingUtensils," File 12, Box 15, RAK Collection.In the early 19305 Henne, aBelgian immigrant, had invented a manufacturing process for the first CFCFreon gas.He had also done fluoride work for the Manhattan Project.10.Nature, vol.217 (March 16, 1968), pp.1050-1051.11."Little has been published about the metabolic handling and toxicology of perfluorinatedfatty acid derivatives.Computer assisted literature searches using Medline, Toxline andChemcon developed no information on these subjects." W.S.Guy, D.R.Taves, and W.S.Brey, "Organic Fluorocompounds in Human Plasma," Biochemistry InvolvingCarbon-Fluorine Bonds (American Chemical Society, 1976), p.132.On the subject of collaboration, "3M got concerned apparently," Taves told me."Theywould come check with me periodically they wouldn't tell me what they were doing," hesaid, "but they wanted to know what I knew."12.Taves's 1976 observation that "little has been published" on the toxicity ofPFCs deserves scrutiny.During the cold war Taves was a leading arbiter offluoride safety for the National Academy of Sciences.(Taves is listed on p.396 of the 1977 document "Drinking Water and Health" by his initials asan author.This research was conducted by the National Research Councilfor the National Academy of Sciences and the EPA.) Donald Taves may alsohave buried evidence of fluoride's harm to humans on behalf of his Rochestercolleagues, such as Harold Hodge, who worked for the nuclear program.In 1963 another colleague of Dr.Taves at Rochester, Dr.Christine Water-house,reported a case in which a patient at the Strong Memorial Hospital, a female nurse,"convulsed, aspirated and died suddenly" following kidney dialysis.Waterhouse and ateam of scientists watched as the forty-one-year-old nurse suffered a collapse of her centralnervous system."A bizarre neu-romuscular irritability characterized by a twitching of theright arm with occasional generalized convulsive seizures developed five days after thethird dialysis," Waterhouse reported.Kidney dialysis can greatly concentrate the amountof fluoride in blood, scientists suspected.But the Waterhouse team never mentionedfluoride as a possible cause of the woman's symptoms or death.L.H.Kretchmar, W.M.Greene, C.W.Waterhouse, and W.L.Parry, " Repeated Hemodialysis in ChronicUremia," J.Am.Med.Assoc., vol.184, no.41 (1962), pp.1037-1044.Two years later Dr.Donald Taves reported the same case in the medical literature.Hediscussed the high levels of fluoride found in the patient's bones and blood.He speculatedas to a possible "beneficial" effect from the fluoride.But Taves failed to report that thepatient had died an hour after dialysis, that she had died in agony, and that the fatality hadbeen reported by his Rochester colleague a year earlier.(He claimed that he was unawareof Dr.Waterhouse's JAMA paper in which she reported the patient death.However, in theacknowledgments in his own work he thanked none other than his colleague, Dr.ChristineWaterhouse.)NOTES TO EPILOGUE / P.234353"Did they tell you how the patient had fared?" I asked 'raves."No, I don't thinkI ever heard," he said."You were interested in fluoride and dialysis but you didn'tfollow up or ask what had happened to the patient?" I asked." Right," Tavesreplied.(D.R.Taves, R.'ferry, F.A.Smith, and D.E.Gardner, " Use ofFluoridated Water in Long-Term Hemodialysis," Chronic Uremia., J.Am.Med.Assoc., vol.184 [1963], pp.1030-1031.) Both Rochester papers were funded bythe U.S.Public Health Service.Neither mentioned the secret AEC kidney studieson human patients performed at Strong Memorial Hospital nor the government'sinterest in fluoride.Did Taves censor his paper at the behest of Drs.Waterhouse and Hodge? In the196os Dr.Waterhouse was at the center of cold-war human experimentation,monitoring Harold Hodge's Rochester patients who had been given plutoniuminjections.(See Eileen Welsome, The Plutonium Files [New York: Dial Press,1999]" ) "Waterhouse was uncomfortable with me publishing [the 1965 kidneypaper]," Taves told me."She didn't want me to do any-thing that soundedantifluoridation.Just like Hodge didn't.They were all biased that way.Hodge hadgotten on the bandwagon of being in favor of fluoridation so his blinders were up,"Taves added.Similarly, the effects of fluoride on kidneys were another critical concern ofthe scientists overseeing health conditions inside the nuclear factories, andRochester and Kettering researchers each performed multiple human experiments.Hodge's researchers performed secret human experiments in the 19405 atRochester, giving fluoride to "patients having kidney diseases" to determine howmuch fluoride their damaged kidneys could excrete, according to declassifiedpapers.Extra fluoride was stored in the bones of those injured patients, thegovernment scientists found.Quarterly Technical Report, AEC No.UR-38, 1948.Also cited in Kettering Laboratory unpublished report, "Annual Report ofObservations on Fluorides October 25, 1 954." Kettering did similarexperiments on patients with damaged kidneys, according to the unpublishedreport.13.Again, there is not a solitary reference to organofluorines in the book.14.There may also be a link between accounts of birds dying, injured humans,and carpets impregnated with fluorochemicals, such as Scotchgard.In the early1990s CNN and other media reported on families who claimed that they had beenpoisoned by newly installed carpets.One family told the BBC (in an interviewconducted by the author) that their caged birds had died soon after the new carpetarrived.See also U.S.Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit No.94-1882 SandraRuffin; Catherine Ruffin, by and through her Guardian Ad Litem, C.TimothyWilliford, Plaintiffs-Appellants, vs.Shaw Industries, Incorporated;Sherwin-Williams Company, Decided: July 16, 1998."With their motion forsummary judgment, defendants submitted the affidavit of Larry D.Winter, ananalytical chemist for Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (3M).Mr.Winter specializes in the analysis of fluorochemicals such as those used in themanufacturing of 3M's Scotchguard carpets, the type involved in the presentcase
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