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.S.involvement in, 24,the United States, 10 12, 24, 26, 31 32, 25, 27, 29, 35, 56, 67, 88, 270, 273 74,286 92; Conservative Party, 29, 30, 39, 317n29; U.S. neutrality toward, 93 96,44, 53, 55, 70 78, 79, 89, 155 56, 174, 112, 257; U.S.partial withdrawal from,319n37, 319n38; contras of, 297 99, 300, 279 84; usaid efforts in, 126 32, 151,305, 364n2; early years under Luis So- 153, 192, 220, 250, 279, 336n30, 337n34,moza Debayle, 53 78; election process 345n1, 348n28, 350 51n47, 350n45.Seein, 40 41, 45 47, 51 53, 124 25, 268 also National Guard, the; rebellions[387], (7)69, 336n40, 365n16; extreme partisan Nine Comandantes of the Revolution, 156intolerance in, 28 29, 46 47; failure of Nixon, Richard, 21 22, 25, 83, 316 17n25U.S.policy in, 285 96; under General Noguera, Guillermo, 135Somoza García, 33 53; under General nongovernmental organizations (ngos),Lines: 575Somoza Debayle, 79 91; government co- 331n16operation with the United States, 25, 56, Noriega, Manuel Antonio, 72, 300 67; historical weakness of leadership in, North American Free Trade Agreement0.0pt Pg12 13, 28, 43 45; human rights issues (nafta), 301 in, 87 88, 92 93, 102 3, 120, 204, 235 North Korea, 309Normal Pa37, 265 66, 349n35; Indians of, 58 59; Nota Knox, 24Juan Bautisa Sacasa elected president in, Novedades, 110, 131, 132, 136, 174, 183, 185,PgEnds: TE26; labor unions in, 59 61, 68; Liberal 198, 277, 342 43n74, 349n35, 349n37;Party, 29, 30, 35, 39 41, 44, 46, 70 78, coverage of Somoza and his military con-79, 89, 140 41, 150, 164, 254 56, 268 69, trol, 259, 348n30; in formal mediation,[387], (7)272, 319n37, 328n4; loans made by to, 231, 232, 239, 247123, 153 54, 209 10, 224 25, 336 37n33,345n1, 352n56; Managua earthquake, 79 Obando y Bravo, Miguel: as a leader in the80, 83, 99, 128, 343n78; middle class in, Catholic Church, 98 99, 103, 107 8, 149,61 62, 86, 90, 264, 330n12 13; modern- 188, 193; mediation attempts of, 177, 197ization of, 55 58, 326n9, 329 30n10; 99, 205, 343n80; role in formal media-National Guard, 154 55, 157, 160 62, tion, 215 16, 261 62; support for final337 38n42; newspapers of, 68, 94, 99, mediation proposal, 272 74103 6, 108, 109, 110, 131, 132, 136, 138, Obiols, José Alfredo, 211, 223, 230152 56, 167, 174, 183, 185, 188 89, 193, Oduber, Daniel, 145, 147 48198, 210, 216 17, 219, 224 25, 228 29, oil-producing nations, 21 22, 301231, 232, 239, 242, 244, 246, 249, 259, Olama and Mollejones rebellion, 65 69,272 73, 277, 337n33, 338n43, 340 41n61, 327n15342 43n74, 342n73, 348n30, 349n35, O Leary, Jeremiah, 165 66349n37, 353n61, 355n77; nongovernmen- Operación Justicia, 60tal organizations (ngos) working in, 300, opposition to the Somoza regime: of Anas-331n16; Nota Knox and, 24; Pacto de los tasio Somoza García, 47 50, 51 52;Generales in, 50 51; patrimonialism in, armed, 98 99, 108, 109, 143, 156 62, 17134, 320n39, 321n2; possibility of civil war 72, 182 87, 191 93, 262 68; consolidationor revolution in, 27 28, 38 39, 57 58, of factions in, 75 76, 108 10; Costa Rica348 49n31; poverty in, 40 41, 57, 86, role in, 178 80, 185 87, 202 3, 206, 277,264, 323n17; principle of constitution- 347n18; final mass uprising in, 182 87;388 indexopposition (continued) role in government of Anastasio Somozafinancial and human costs of, 210 11, Debayle, 110, 112, 125, 150; and William353 54n66, 359n98; and the Group of Jorden, 205Twelve, 98, 109, 112, 125, 126, 135 36,Panama, 72, 115, 158, 177, 185 87, 281, 305;138, 140, 162, 177, 182, 189, 190, 344n84;Canal, 23, 267; in formal mediation, 190,led by Pedro Joaquín Chamorro, 54, 65,202, 203 4, 206, 225, 242, 257, 341n66,68, 81, 88, 90, 103 6, 126, 183 84, 184; of344 45n93; recognition of SandinistaLuis Somoza Debayle, 64 70; mass mediaJunta, 289; U.S.invasion of, 300coverage of, 68, 94, 99, 103 6, 108, 109,Pan American Union, 17136, 138, 152 56, 165 68, 167; MatagalpaParaguay, 92, 277, 344n85uprising and, 170 73, 177, 195, 343n80;Parrales, Leda, 125meetings with Mauricio Solaún, 95, 105Parrales, Ricardo, 1256, 136 38, 189, 207 8; Mexico role in,partial withdrawal of the United States from202, 341n66, 347n21; National GuardNicaraguan affairs, and the departure ofrole in controlling, 66 70, 75, 76, 157,Mauricio Solaún, 279 80[388], (8340 41n61, 349n35; negotiations withPartido Liberal Constitucionalista (plc), 174Anastasio Somoza Debayle, 81 83, 96 99,Partido Liberal Independiente (pli), 244,119 20, 124 26, 154 56, 329n9; Organiza-355n80, 355n82tion of American States and, 169, 175 77,Partido Liberal Nacionalista, 46, 115Lines: 6181 82, 186, 187, 202 5, 344n85; PanamaPartido Socialista Nicaragüense (Nicaraguanrole in, 185 87, 203 4, 206, 341n66, 344 Communist Party), 232, 353n6045n93; plans to confront the Nationalpartisanship in Nicaragua, 28 29, 46 47 0.0ptGuard, 160 61; U.S.Embassy instructed toPasos Argüello, Luis, 213 avoid involvement with, 115 19; unarmed,Pastor, Robert, 119, 274 75Normal96 97, 119 20, 152 53, 162 65, 170, 248Pastora, Edén, 156, 178, 25349; Venezuela role in, 18, 21, 121 22, 124,PgEnds:patrimonialism in Nicaragua, 34, 320n39,157 58, 175 78, 200, 203 4, 206, 277,321n2341n66; work stoppages organized by,Pellas, Alfredo, 155, 351n48106 8, 151 52, 162 65
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