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.25 According to Gene Sharp, 85 percent of the resistance involved nonviolent means.See Gene Sharp The Intifada and Nonviolent Struggle, Journal of PalestineStudies, vol.19, no.1 (Autumn 1989), p.6.For the link between television newsand public opinion, see Donald L.Jordan and Benjamin I.Page, ShapingForeign Policy Opinions: The Role of TV News, The Journal of ConflictResolution, vol.36, no.2 (June 1992), pp.227 41.26 According to critical scholarship produced during the late 1980s, this was just amyth propagated by Israeli historians.For instance, see Nur-eldeen Masalha, OnRecent Hebrew and Israeli Sources for the Palestinian Exodus, 1947 49, Journalof Palestine Studies, vol.18, no.1, Special Issue: Palestine 1948 (Autumn 1988),pp.121 37.27 Gallup Poll, 2/4/1988.28 Gallup Poll, 5/13/1988 5/15/1988.29 Alvin Richman, A Report: American Attitudes Toward Israeli-PalestinianRelations in the Wake of the Uprising, The Public Opinion Quarterly, vol.53, no.3 (Autumn 1989), p.415.Notes 18130 Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, On Achieving Independence, in Jamal Nassar and RogerHeacock (eds), Intifada: Palestine at the Crossroads (New York: Praeger, 1990),pp.3 4.31 For a glimpse into the domestic portrayal of the Intifada by Arab Americangroups, see John Kifner, New Pride for Palestinian-Americans, New YorkTimes, December 12, 1988, Syracuse Coalition Supports Palestinian State, ThePost-Standard, December 21, 1988, Walter Goodman, Review/Television; ThePalestinian View, Between Bookends, New York Times, September 6, 1989, andChris Hedges, Palestinians Struggling to Rebuild their Lives, New York Times,October 4, 1990.This will be discussed in more depth elsewhere.32 Richman, A Report: American Attitudes Toward Israeli-Palestinian Relations inthe Wake of the Uprising, p.421.For an in depth analysis of those and othertrends, see Eytan Gilboa, American Public Opinion toward Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1986).33 Gallup Poll, 3/13/1979.For the 1988 poll, see Gallup Poll, 5/13/1988 5/15/1988.34 Gallup Poll, 5/13/1988 5/15/1988.35 These are the results of Gallup Poll, 1/17/1978: Which of the plans listed on thiscard would you prefer with regard to the Palestinians They should have aseparate, independent nation on the West Bank of the Jordan River in the areathat was formerly Jordan but is now occupied by Israel; they should have a stateon the West Bank of the Jordan River that is not totally independent and is linkedwith Jordan; or they should go on living as they are now in Israel and in theexisting Arab nations? Just read off your answer by the letter.[Answers:] Theyshould have a separate, independent nation on the West Bank of the Jordan Riverin the area that was formerly Jordan but is now occupied by Israel (11.67 per-cent); They should have a state on the West Bank of the Jordan River that is nottotally independent and is linked with Jordan (10.60 percent); They should go onliving as they are now in Israel and in the existing Arab nations (14.75 percent);No Opinion (11.59 percent); Don t know (0.00 percent), No answer/not applic-able (51.39 percent).Compare those results to Gallup Poll, 3/28/1978: Which of the plans listed onthis card would you prefer with regard to the Palestinians They should have aseparate, independent nation on the West Bank of the Jordan River in the areathat was formerly Jordan but is now occupied by Israel; they should have a stateon the West Bank of the Jordan River that is not totally independent and is linkedwith Jordan; or they should go on living as they are now in Israel and in theexisting Arab nations? Just read off your answer by letter.[Answers:] They shouldhave a separate, independent nation on the West Bank of the Jordan River in thearea that was formerly Jordan but is now occupied by Israel (29.99 percent); Theyshould have a state on the West Bank of the Jordan River that is not totallyindependent and is linked with Jordan (23.00 percent); The should go on living asthey are now in Israel and in the existing Arab nations (20.78 percent); Don tknow (25.92 percent); No answer (0.32 percent).36 Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the United Statesand the Government of Israel On Strategic Cooperation, in Puschel, US-IsraeliStrategic Cooperation in the Post-Cold War Era, p.178.37 Gallup Poll, 7/23/1982 7/26/1982.38 Interviews with Hussein Ibish and James Zogby.39 Gallup Poll, 9/20/1986 11/18/1986.40 For a synopsis of public opinion toward the Israeli-Palestinian conflict during theearly 1980s and before, see Editors, Americans Attitudes Toward the MiddleEast, Journal of Palestine Studies, vol.12, no.3 (Spring 1983), pp.134 46,Fouad Moghrabi, American Public Opinion and the Palestine Question,Journal of Palestine Studies, vol.15, no.2 (Winter 1986), pp.56 75, and Michael182 NotesSuleiman, Development of Public Opinion on the Palestine Question, Journalof Palestine Studies, vol.13, no.3 (Spring 1984), pp.87 116.41 Douglas Foyle nicely outlined the link between public opinion and foreign pol-icymakers.See Douglas C.Foyle, Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: EliteBeliefs as a Mediating Variable, International Studies Quarterly, vol.41, no.1(March 1997), pp.141 69.42 This is something that continued to generate debate well after the end of Bush spresidency since some questioned his commitment to Israel or worse, saw him asbeing too pro-Arab.See Samuel Segev, The Arab-Israeli Conflict under PresidentBush, in Meena Bose and Rosanna Perotti (eds), From Cold War to New WorldOrder: The Foreign Policy of George H.W.Bush (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002),pp.113 26.43 The Soviet Union also made changes in its approach towards the USA.SeeJeffrey T
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