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.It had responsibilityin a broad array of intelligence areas.Its Research and Analysis branchwas charged with conducting economic, social, and political analysis ofevents abroad.Open sources such as foreign newspapers and periodicalsprovided much of the information it relied upon.A Secret Intelligencebranch secretly collected information in enemy and neutral states.ASpecial Operations branch engaged in covert action abroad and workedwith resistance groups in German-occupied territories.A Counterespio-nage branch was charged with protecting American secrets and institu-tions from foreign penetrations.The Morale Operations branch engagedin propaganda targeted on the populations of enemy states.OperationalGroups conducted guerrilla warfare.Finally, a Maritime Unit carriedout maritime sabotage operations.William Donovan became the head of the OSS.President HarryTruman disbanded the OSS by executive order on October 1, 1945, and 146 Documentsdistributed its duties among other existing departments.For example,the Research and Analysis branch went to the State Department, andthe Secret Intelligence and Special Operations branches went to the WarDepartment.Office of Strategic ServicesBy virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the UnitedStates and as Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the UnitedStates, it is ordered as follows:1.The office of Coordinator of Information established by Orderof July 11, 1941, exclusive of the foreign information activitiestransferred to the Office of War Information by Executive Orderof June 13, 1942, shall hereafter be known as the Office ofStrategic Services, and is hereby transferred to the jurisdictionof the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff.2.The Office of Strategic Services shall perform the followingduties:(a) Collect and analyze such strategic information as may berequired by the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff.(b) Plan and operate such special services as may be directedby the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff.3.At the head of the Office of Strategic Services shall be a Directorof Strategic Services who shall be appointed by the Presidentand who shall perform his duties under the direction andsupervision of the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff.4.William J.Donovan is hereby appointed as Director of StrategicServices.5.The Order of July 11, 1941, is hereby revoked.Franklin D.RooseveltCommander in ChiefThe Central Intelligence Agency (NationalSecurity Act of 1947, July 26, 1947,Excerpts)The National Security Act of 1947 is widely regarded as the foundationdocument for establishing the contemporary national security bureau-cracy.It combined the War and Navy Departments along with the airforce into a single bureaucratic unit, the Department of Defense, andprovided for the position of a civilian secretary of defense.Furthermore,it provided for unified military commands but prohibited the merger of Organizational Procedures and Authorities 147the military services into a single force.The need for this reorganizationhad been recognized during World War II.The National Security Act of 1947 also created the CentralIntelligence Agency (CIA).During World War II the United Stateshad established the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) as its first centralintelligence unit.President Truman disbanded the OSS after the warand scattered its responsibilities and units among the StateDepartment and War Department.Several studies were conductedafter the war as to how to organize defense and intelligence functions.One of the most influential was the Eberstadt Report, which recom-mended the creation of a central intelligence unit that would synthesizedepartmental intelligence.Truman acted on this advice and issued an executive order onJanuary 22, 1946, creating the Central Intelligence Group (CIG).Alongwith analytic responsibilities the CIG was also permitted to engage inclandestine operations by this executive order.The new CIG was headedby a Director of Central Intelligence.The CIG was the immediate pre-decessor of the CIA.Interestingly, the creation of the CIA was not con-troversial.Virtually everyone recognized the need for a more centralizedintelligence agency in the rapidly shifting geopolitical landscape of theimmediate post World War II international system.Most of the debateon the National Security Act of 1947 focused on the merits of defensereorganization and the degree to which the services should be broughtunder a single authority.National Security Act of 1947, July 26, 1947An act to promote the national security by providing for aSecretary of Defense; for a National Military Establishment; for aDepartment of the Army, a Department of the Navy, and a Departmentof the Air Force; and for the coordination of the activities of theNational Military Establishment with other departments and agenciesof the Government concerned with the national security.Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the UnitedStates of America in Congress assembled,SHORT TITLEThat [50 U.S.C.401 note] this Act may be cited as the NationalSecurity Act of 1947. DECLARATION OF POLICYSection 2.[50 U.S.C.401] In enacting this legislation, it is the intentof Congress to provide a comprehensive program for the futuresecurity of the United States; to provide for the establishment ofintegrated policies and procedures for the departments, agencies, andfunctions of the Government relating to the national security; toprovide a Department of Defense, including the three military 148 DocumentsDepartments of the Army, the Navy (including naval aviation and theUnited States Marine Corps), and the Air Force under the direction,authority, and control of the Secretary of Defense; to provide that eachmilitary department shall be separately organized under its ownSecretary and shall function under the direction, authority, and controlof the Secretary of Defense; to provide for their unified direction undercivilian control of the Secretary of Defense but not to merge thesedepartments or services; to provide for the establishment of unified orspecified combatant commands, and a clear and direct line of commandto such commands; to eliminate unnecessary duplication in theDepartment of Defense, and particularly in the field of research andengineering by vesting its overall direction and control in the Secretaryof Defense; to provide more effective, efficient, and economicaladministration in the Department of Defense; to provide for the unifiedstrategic direction of the combatant forces, for their operation underunified command, and for their integration into an efficient team ofland, naval, and air forces but not to establish a single Chief of Staffover the armed forces nor an overall armed forces general staff.CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCYSection 102.[50 U.S.C
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