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.President Woodrow Wilson sadministration published the telegram in the U.S.press on 1 March1917.It provoked widespread anger and fueled anti-German senti-ment, coming as it did only a month after the German resumptionof unrestricted submarine warfare, and touching on American sensi-bilities about European interventions in western hemisphere affairsdating back to the Monroe Doctrine.There was also anger in theU.S.government that Zimmermann had used a State Departmentcable connection that had been made available to Bernstorff on theunderstanding that it would solely be used for messages concerningpeace negotiations.The State Department had actually thereforehandled the telegram in its raw form, unsuspectingly passing it toBernstorff undecoded.Zimmermann, seemingly unconcerned at theconsequences, confirmed the telegram was genuine on 3 March.Itwas a major propaganda coup for Britain and a key event on the roadto the U.S.declaration of war on 6 April 1917.See also SIGNALSINTELLIGENCE.Appendix AInternational ConferencesVENUE DATE FEATURESParis, France 1919 Peace conferenceWashington, D.C.1921 22 Naval disarmamentSantiago, Chile 1923 Fifth pan-American conferenceGeneva, Switzerland 1925 Geneva ProtocolGeneva, Switzerland 1927 Naval disarmamentHavana, Cuba 1928 Sixth pan-American conferenceWashington, D.C.1928 29 Pan-American conciliation andarbitrationRapidan, Virginia 1929 U.S. British disarmamentLondon, England 1930 Naval disarmamentGeneva, Switzerland 1932 34 World disarmamentLondon, England 1933 World economic conferenceMontevideo, Uruguay 1933 Seventh pan-AmericanconferenceLondon, England 1935 36 Naval disarmamentBuenos Aires, Argentina 1936 Maintenance of peace inAmericasBrussels, Belgium 1937 Discussion of Asian crisisEvian, France 1938 Refugee problemsLima, Peru 1938 Eighth pan-American conferencePanama City, Panama 1939 Pan-American foreign ministersHavana, Cuba 1940 Pan-American foreign ministers:Act of HavanaOgdensberg, New York 1940 U.S. Canadian defensePlacentia Bay, 1941 Atlantic CharterNewfoundland(continued)401402 " APPENDIXESVENUE DATE FEATURESMoscow, USSR 1941 Allied supply protocolsWashington, D.C.1941 42 Roosevelt Churchill meetingRio de Janeiro, Brazil 1942 Defense of the AmericasWashington, D.C.1942 U.S. British strategic planningCasablanca, Morocco 1943 U.S. British strategic planningWashington, D.C.1943 U.S. British strategic planningHot Springs, Virginia 1943 Food and AgriculturalOrganizationQuebec, Canada 1943 U.S. British Canadian planningMoscow, USSR 1943 Foreign ministers meetingCairo, Egypt 1943 U.S. British Chinese meetingTeheran, Iran 1943 Roosevelt Stalin ChurchillmeetingCairo, Egypt 1943 U.S. British Turkish meetingDumbarton Oaks, D.C.1944 International organizationBretton Woods, N.H.1944 International financeQuebec, Canada 1944 Strategic and political planningChicago 1944 International civil aviationChapultepec, Mexico 1945 Defense of the AmericasMalta 1945 U.S. British preparation meetingYalta, USSR 1945 Roosevelt Stalin ChurchillmeetingSan Francisco, 1945 Creation of the United NationsCalifornia organizationPotsdam, Germany 1945 Truman Stalin Churchill/Attlee meetingAppendix BPresidents, Secretaries of State,and UndersecretariesPRESIDENT SECRETARY UNDERSECRETARYOF STATE OF STATEWoodrow Wilson William J.Bryan 1913 15(1913 21) Robert Lansing 1915 20 Frank L.Polk 1919 20Bainbridge Colby 1920 21 Norman H.Davis 1920 21Warren Harding Charles E.Hughes 1921 25 Henry P.Fletcher 1921 22(1921 23) William Phillips 1922 24Calvin Coolidge Frank B.Kellogg 1925 29 Joseph C.Grew 1924 27(1923 29) Robert E.Olds 1927 28J.Reuben Clark 1928 29Herbert Hoover Henry L.Stimson 1929 33 Joseph P.Cotton 1929 31(1929 33) William R.Castle 1931 33Franklin Roosevelt Cordell Hull 1933 44 William Phillips 1933 36(1933 45) Sumner Welles 1937 43Edward R.Stettinius 1943 44Edward R.Stettinius Joseph C.Grew 1944 451944 45Harry Truman James F.Byrnes 1945 46 Dean G.Acheson 1945 47(1945 53)403Appendix CChairs of Senate Committeeon Foreign RelationsCHAIR (PARTY AND STATE) DATEAugustus O.Bacon (D-Ga.) 1913 14William J.Stone (D-Mont.) 1914 18Gilbert M.Hitchcock (D-Neb.) 1918 19Henry Cabot Lodge (R-Mass.) 1919 24William E.Borah (R-Idaho) 1924 33Key Pittman (D-Nev.) 1933 40Walter E.George (D-Ga.) 1940 41Tom Connally (D-Tex.) 1941 47405Appendix DMajor AmbassadorshipsARGENTINAFrederic Jessup Stimson 1915 21John W.Riddle 1922 25Peter Augustus Jay 1925 26Robert Woods Bliss 1927 33Alexander W.Weddell 1933 38Norman Armour 1939 44Spruille Braden 1945BRAZILEdwin V.Morgan 1912 33Hugh S.Gibson 1933 36Jefferson Caffery 1937 44Adolf A.Berle 1945 46CANADAWilliam Phillips 1927 29Hanford MacNider 1930 32Warren Delano Robbins 1933 35Norman Armour 1935 39Daniel C.Roper 1939James H.R.Cromwell 1940Jay Pierrepont Moffat 1940 43Ray Atherton 1943 48407408 " APPENDIXESCHINA (ENVOYS UNTIL 1929,AMBASSADORS THEREAFTER)Paul Reinsch 1913 19Charles R
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