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.$20,000-$50,000.top professionalplayers WithoutcheatingAverage winnings of Winning potential $20,000-$200,000 $20,000-$70,000top professional decreases with with cheating in with cheating inplayers With cheating.high table-stake highest-stake lowballcheating games.games.Cheating techniques Crude culling, Undetectable Signaling and cardmost commonly used stacking, collusion collusion between flashing betweenand peeking by professionals and professional partnersamateurs and losers.house dealers who in highest-stakeCheating by know hole cards in lowball games.professionals or high-stake stud and Occasionalgood players is rare.hold 'em poker.opportunities forcard manipulation.Neocheating Just beginning.Spreading.Spreading.Danger of violence Some risk, Essentially none.Almost none.or robbery depending onplayers, game, andlocation.*In any given year, the earnings of a top professional player could significantly exceed these average amounts.TABLE 31EFFECT OF CHEATING AND HOUSE CUTS --GARDENA CLUB POKER(For 3000 hours of poker per year.All data are estimates based on author's direct experience.)http://www.neo-tech.com/poker/part6.html (5 of 13)9/17/2004 12:24:17 PMPoker Book, Professional and Public PokerEarnings ofEarnings of BestProfessional Earnings of GoodHouse Cut+Cheating Good Players Players inProfessionals*per Player(estimates) (noncheating) Equivalent(with cheating)Private GamesHighDraw$ 5-$10 Little $ 10,000 $20,000 $15,000 $ 30,000+$20-$40 Some $ 25,000 $30,000 $30,000 $ 80,000+$30-$60 Considerable $ 40,000 $50,000 $42,000 $100,000+LowDraw$ 5blind$ 20blind Some $ 10,000 $15,000 $15,000 $ 35,000+$100 Considerable $ 30,000 Uncertain $30,000 $ 90,000+blind Extensive $100,000 Possible loss $60,000 $250,000+*Earnings are estimated for the best professional players observed in Gardena.The average professional inGardena (including house shills and proposition players who are paid by the club for starting and maintainingpoker games probably nets less than $15,000 per year.The net average earnings of all the professional pokerplayers in Gardena are estimated at $15,000 per year per professional player.+The average Gardena table extracts an estimated $109,000 per year from its players, as shown in Table 33.Thehouse-collection schedule is shown in Table 34.TABLE 32EFFECT OF CHEATING AND HOUSE CUTS--LAS VEGAS CASINO POKER(For 3000 hours of poker per year.All data are estimates based on author's direct experience.)http://www.neo-tech.com/poker/part6.html (6 of 13)9/17/2004 12:24:17 PMPoker Book, Professional and Public PokerEarnings Earnings ofHouseof GoodEarnings of BestProfessionalGood Players inCut+CheatingProfessionals*Players Equivalentper(estimates)(with cheating)(non PrivatePlayercheating) GamesHigh Studand Draw $15,000$ 5-$10 Little $ 5,000 $20,000 $15,000 $ 40,000+$10-$20 Some $10,000 $25,000 $20,000 $ 75,000+$20-$40 Considerable $15,000 $30,000 $25,000 $100,000+$40-$80 Extensive $20,000 $30,000 $30,000 $125,000+$100+ Extensive $25,000 Possible $35,000 $150,000+Table Stakes Extensive $35,000 loss $35,000 No limit$20,000Low Stud Uncertainand Draw Probable$ 5-$10 Little $10,000 loss $15,000 $ 45,000+$10-$20 Considerable $15,000 Probable $20,000 $ 85,000+$20-$40 Extensive $20,000 loss $30,000 $125,000+$40-$80 Extensive $30,000 Probable $35,000 $150,000+$100+ Extensive $35,000 loss $35,000 $175,000+*Earnings are estimated for the best professional players observed in Las Vegas.The average professional in LasVegas (including house shills who are paid by the casino for starting and maintaining poker games) probably netsless than $18,000 per year.The net average earnings of all the professional poker players in Las Vegas areestimated at $18,000 per year per professional player.+While most Nevada casinos have a harsh percentage rake averaging about 10 percent, some have a $2-$3maximum rake per hand for higher-stake games.(For high-stake games, some casinos have a lower-percentageGardena-type time collection.) Even with a $2-$3 maximum cut per hand, casinos can remove $1400-$2000 perday per table, which is $500,000-$700,000 per year per table.Accounting for low-stake games and slack periods,the average casino poker table extracts an estimated $300,000 per year from its players (see footnote in thesurvey of Casino Poker, Table 39).Additional money lost to house dealers in tokes or tips can exceed 10 percentof the house-cut total.XXVIThe House Cuthttp://www.neo-tech.com/poker/part6.html (7 of 13)9/17/2004 12:24:17 PMPoker Book, Professional and Public PokerFor the good player, the most negative feature of public poker is the damage that the house cut (timecollection or casino rake) does to his profit potential.Card clubs and casinos, through their continuouscollections and raking, gradually but permanently remove most of the available cash from all publicgames.In private games, the bulk of that house-removed cash would have ended up in the good player'spocket.Tables 31 and 32 illustrate the draining effect that the house cut has on the earnings of the goodplayer.If the house cut is sufficiently high (e.g., 15 percent or more), the good player may be unable towin over the long term, no matter how great his advantage is over the other players.The far-right-hand columns of Tables 31 and 32 show that the house cut diminishes the good player'searnings much more than the amount actually collected from him.That is because the house cutrelentlessly drains cash away from every opponent, steadily shrinking the amount of money available forextraction from poor players by the good player.Because of the constantly draining house cut, thepoorest players (the good player's most valuable assets) are driven from the game more quickly than arethe tougher players.That phenomenon results in higher concentrations of tough or superior players thanwould occur in comparable games without a house cut.Also, the house cut produces more losers who, inturn, will play tighter poker, thus further diminishing the good player's advantage and edge odds.Adding to the cash drain in casino poker is the toking (tipping) of the house dealer by the winner of eachpot.Because of the arbitrary raking power of most casino dealers, toking is necessary to avoid extra-heavy rakes from future pots that the player may win.Toking increases by as much as 20 percent themoney removed from the game by casinos.Since public card clubs have no house dealers, theircustomers are spared that additional drain (although toking of floormen does occur in some high-stakeclub games).The house cut (rake) in poker is actually higher than the house cut in most major gambling games suchas blackjack, craps, and roulette.The primary difference between gambling and playing public poker isthat in gambling, individuals play directly against the house (the casino) and have no way to overcomethe house cut or house percentage.[ 28 ] But in poker, individuals play against one another, not againstthe house or casino.The good poker player can, therefore, consistently extract money from all inferiorplayers.He will win in casino and club poker if his money extraction from the other players is greaterthan the amount the house extracts from him
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