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.93 97.17.Gail Vines, Raging Hormones: Do They Rule Our Lives? (Berkeley: Uni-versity of California Press, 1994), 116.chapter 18.the biology of the homosexual1.Thomas H.Maugh II and Nora Zamichow, Los Angeles Times, August 30,1991.Malcolm Gladwell, Washington Post, December 17, 1991.Jamie Talan,Newsday, December 9, 1991.Kim Painter, USA Today, December 17, 1991.Na-talie Angier, New York Times, July 16, 1993.Curt Suplee, Washington Post, Oc-tober 31, 1995.2.Anne Fausto-Sterling, Myths of Gender: Biological Theories about Womenand Men, rev.ed.(1985; New York: Basic Books, 1992), 257.3.Simon LeVay, A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure between Het-erosexual and Homosexual Men, Science 253 (1991): 1034 37.4.See Edward Stein s calculations in The Mismeasure of Desire: The Sci-ence,Theory, and Ethics of Sexual Orientation (Oxford: Oxford University Press,1999), 200 201.5.Gail Vines, Raging Hormones: Do They Rule Our Lives? (Berkeley: Uni-versity of California Press, 1994), 112.John Maddox, Is Homosexuality Hard-wired? Nature 353 (1991): 13.6.Gilbert Zicklin, Media, Science, and Sexual Ideology: The Promotionof Sexual Stability, in A Queer World: The Center for Lesbian and Gay Stud-ies Reader, ed.Martin Duberman (New York: New York University Press,1997), 383.7.See Simon LeVay, The Sexual Brain (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993),121 22.William Byne, LeVay s Thesis Reconsidered, in A Queer World, 325,and Stein, The Mismeasure of Desire, 201.8.Stein, The Mismeasure of Desire, 210.Simon LeVay and Dean Hamer,Notes to Pages 242 246 / 403 Evidence for a Biological Influence in Male Homosexuality, Scientific Amer-ican 270 (May 1994): 44 49.9.LeVay, The Sexual Brain, 122.10.David Gelman with Donna Foote, Todd Barrett, and Mary Talbot, Bornor Bred? Newsweek, February 24, 1992, 49.See also Ruth Hubbard and ElijahWald, Exploding the Gene Myth: How Genetic Information Is Produced andManipulated by Scientists, Physicians, Employers, Insurance Companies, Edu-cators, and Law Enforcers (Boston: Beacon, 1993), 97 98.11.Byne, LeVay s Thesis Reconsidered, 318 27.See also William Byne, Science and Belief: Psychobiological Research on Sexual Orientation, in Sex,Cells, and Same-Sex Desire: The Biology of Sexual Preference, ed.John P.De Cecco and David Allen Parker (New York: Harrington Park Press, 1995),303 44.12.In two subsequent papers,William Byne suggests that the INAH3 is sex-ually dimorphic in human beings and in rhesus monkeys.Byne et al., The In-terstitial Nuclei of the Human Anterior Hypothalamus: An Investigation of Sex-ual Variation in Volume and Cell Size, Number and Density, Brain Research856, nos.1 2 (February 21, 2000): 254 58, and Byne, The Medial Preoptic andAnterior Hypothalamic Regions of the Rhesus Monkey: CytoarchitectonicComparison with the Human and Evidence for Sexual Dimorphism, Brain Re-search 793, nos.1 2 (May 18, 1998): 346 50.Byne notes, however, the difficul-ties of securing comparable brain samples: Because my samples from womenhad been in fixitive longer, on average, than the samples from men, and becausefixitives can cause tissue to shrink, the apparent sex differences in my prelim-inary studies may merely be a fixation shrinkage artifact. Byne, LeVay s The-sis Reconsidered, 325.13.Byne, LeVay s Thesis Reconsidered, 322 23.14.See Michael Ruse s extensive review of this literature, Homosexuality:A Philosophical Inquiry (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988), 103 12.15.I first noted the preposterous nature of these labeling procedures in theimmediate aftermath of the LeVay study.See Life Is Hard: Machismo, Danger,and the Intimacy of Power in Nicaragua (Berkeley: University of CaliforniaPress, 1992), 314 15 n.10 and 315 16 n.11.See also William Byne and BruceParsons, Sexual Orientation: The Biologic Theories Reappraised, Archives ofGeneral Psychiatry 50 (1993): 228 39, and William Byne, Science and Belief:Psychobiological Research on Sexual Orientation, in Sex, Cells, and Same-SexDesire, 311 12.16.Michael J.Bailey and Richard Pillard, A Genetic Study of Male SexualOrientation, Archives of General Psychiatry 48 (1991): 1089 96.See alsoMichael J.Bailey and Richard Pillard, Are Some People Born Gay? New YorkTimes, December 17, 1991.17.Hubbard and Wald, Exploding the Gene Myth, 97.18.Actually, adoption procedures tend to select for relatively homogeneous,middle-class environments, even for twins separated at birth.And it turns outthat many twins called separated at birth were not really so separated after404 / Notes to Pages 246 250all.Many such twins are actually reared by different sets of relatives in the sametown.19.Hubbard and Wald, Exploding the Gene Myth, 97.20.Zicklin, Media, Science, and Ideology, 385.21.David Gelman et al., Born or Bred: The Origins of Homosexuality,Newsweek, February 24, 1992, 46.22.I leave aside here a discussion of all those terms that give away more thanthey need divulge of the author s presuppositions, for example, nurturing par-ents, a lively interest in sports, and appropriate relations with women.23.See the section entitled Homosexual Outlet in Alfred C.Kinsey et al.,Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Philadelphia: W.B.Saunders, 1948),610 66.24.Zicklin, Media, Science, and Sexual Ideology, 384.25.See Dean Hamer and Peter Copeland, The Science of Desire: The Searchfor the Gay Gene and the Biology of Behavior (New York: Simon and Schus-ter, 1994), 21.26.Dean Hamer, Stella Hu, Victoria Magnuson, Nan Hu, and Angela Pat-tatucci, A Linkage between DNA Markers on the X Chromosome and MaleSexual Orientation, Science 261 (1993): 321 27.27.Hamer and Copeland, The Science of Desire, 203 4, 17 38.28.Stein, The Mismeasure of Desire, 217.Neil Risch, E.Squires-Wheeler,and B.J.B.Keats, Male Sexual Orientation and Genetic Evidence, Science 262(December 24, 1993): 2063 65.29.On the matrilateral skewing of American and English kinship systems,especially but not exclusively patterns of kinship in the lower classes, see DavidM.Schneider and Raymond T.Smith, Class Differences in American Kinship(1973; Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1978), 9, 40 43, 53 55.Onthe significance of maternal kin work, see Micaela di Leonardo, The FemaleWorld of Cards and Holidays:Women, Families, and the Work of Kinship, Signs12, no.3 (1987): 440 53.30.See Zicklin, Media, Science, and Sexual Ideology, 385.31.In The Science of Desire and in response to Hamer s critics, Hamer andCopeland report that the Hamer team did attempt other checks: the first wasto ponder the distribution of lesbian relatives of the gay male subjects.Theo-retically, if the maternal links simply reflected better knowledge of one s ma-ternal kin, then there ought to also be elevated reportage of lesbianism alongmaternal lines.Hamer and Copeland report that the research team found nosuch pattern.The second check was to review lesbian informants reportage ofgay male relatives from a separate study
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